Abstract

Oil and gas industry becomes one of the most favorite industries which many people are attracted to work on it. However, it has also the most dangerous places as it deals with the exploration and production of flammable things. This paper discusses mainly construction issues on deep marine condition as one of location where the petroleum is explored and produced, more particularly is on aspect of safety. Discussion will not be only limited on construction phase, but also during operation phase once an offshore infrastructure has been constructed and installed. The discussion is started with general introduction about deep marine condition, specifically for offshore oil and gas industry. Furthermore, hazards and risks on offshore industry are discussed in quite detail manner including all aspects related to these two main aspects.

Keywords: Oil and gas, offshore, hazards and risks

Introduction

Petroleum which supports most of human-daily-life on the earth could be found both on land and under an ocean. There are two common terms which describe the location of exploration and production of oil and gas, onshore and offshore. Onshore means a location on land where the petroleum is found and then be explored. When petroleum is found on an open sea then that location is called as an offshore area. Offshore industry is situated on sea which water depth could reach more than 2,000 meters. Later, this condition could be defined as the industry on deep marine condition.

Abstract

This paper presents a discussion about several construction aspects involved during construction of the Gotthard tunnel. The Gotthard tunnel project is one of the largest international project scale which links German and Italy through the Alps mountainous. The discussion mainly is emphasized on the project risks which influence the project design and its preparation. With such big scale of project, USD 7 billion project budget, 2,000 workers on the peak schedule, 57 kilometers tunnel length, and built under one of the highest mountainous in the world which probably has the hardest rock layer, the Gotthard tunnel has many risks that could affect to the project design and project preparation itself.

Abstract

This paper presents discussions about the key factors driving international markets and opportunities and challenges that a company in Singapore would face going abroad. The first topic will be elaborated in first half of this paper, while the second one will be discussed later. The international markets discussed in this paper are limited to the only construction industry and more specifically about construction of oil and gas infrastructure. Furthermore, company in Singapore sampled on the discussion of second topic is also working on offshore oil and gas industry.

Keywords: International Construction, Singapore, Oil and Gas Industry

Indonesia is in an equitorial location, spanning 15 degrees above and below the equator, with the Indian Ocean flowing into the archipelago from the west and the Pacific Ocean from the east. Indonesia is a very huge country, it has more than 17 thousand islands which make it as the world’s largest archipelagic state. Indonesia has population of around 240 million people. Its area is approximately 1.9 million square kilometres which streches 3,200 miles from east to west. In addition of oil and gas, coal, gold, nickel, copper, and many other natural resources are found in Indonesia.

History of petroleum in Indonesia began with the first drilling activity which was undertaken in East Java by a Dutch Plantation Manager. Indonesia’s petroleum history can be grouped into 4 (four) stages, those are The Pre-war phase, The War Years, The Early Post War Period and The Post – present period. This essay will focus on the earliest stage, however the next stages also will described briefly.

Abstract—Case study can be also conducted in oil and gas industry. This paper presents guidance or framework for everyone who want to prepare and conduct case study in oil and gas sector. This paper is started from basic definition of case study continued with reasons to use case study in this sector. Then, type of case study and its context are determined. Beside that. guidance to provide protocol of case study is described on this paper. This paper is finished with real step of conducting case study, conclusion and points of evaluation.

I. INTRODUCTION

In some professional fields, eg. medicine, social work, law, all cases are studied and recorded (Ofori, 2009). However, in this paper we will not deal with that sectors. This paper describes step-by-step guidance for one who has passion to conduct case study in oil and gas industry. We will discuss each steps of developing case study in this sector, starting from basic definition of case study, finding reasons why we use case study method, determining type of case study until the most last steps, drawing some conclusions and discussing methods to evaluate whether our case study is good or not. Sometimes, during our discussion, we will use sample of case to be implemented in our discussion topic so that it can be explained more clearly.

Tak henti-hentinya, puji syukur kehadirat Allah SWT selalu dipanjatkan selepas melakukan kewajiban 5 waktu. Sebuah anugerah yang begitu indah. Salah satu mimpi yang terwujud, dengan berliku-liku, tidak mudah, penuh perjuangan dan stock semangat yang tidak boleh habis sama sekali.

National University of Singapore (NUS), baru mendengar beberapa tahun yang lalu saat memulai pencarian tempat kuliah. Lebih terdengar NTU (Nanyang Technological University) ketimbang NUS, paling tidak saat kuliah dulu di Bandung, kota yang penuh kenangan, tak kan terlupakan.

Berdasarkan QS TOP UNIVERSITIES ranking untuk tahun 2008, NUS berada di peringkat 30 dunia. Untuk lebih sedapnya, silahkan dibuka link berikut. Peringkat pertama dan kedua masih diduduki oleh HARVARD dan YALE Univeristy, di United States of America, kemudian disusul peringkat ketiga oleh universitas dari United Kingdom, University of Cambridge. Peringkat 1 sampai dengan 29 diduduki oleh negara-negara sebagai berikut: United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, Canada, Switzerland, Hongkong, France, dan Singapore dengan NUS-nya. Sedangkan NTU (Singapore juga) untuk pemeringkatan universities dunia berada di peringkat 77. Bila berbicara regional Asia, NUS berada di peringkat 4, yaitu setelah University of Tokyo, Kyoto Univeristy, dan University of Hongkong. ITB sendiri berada di peringkat 315, naik cukup signifikan bila dibandingkan dengan peringkat 369 di tahun 2007.